Templated Unified Library for Posterior Approximation in Bayesian Hierarchical Models R package tulpa version 0.6.0 A general-purpose engine for fitting Bayesian hierarchical models with spatial fields, temporal effects, spatially varying coefficients, and multiple inference backends. Scalable spatial structure includes Hilbert space approximate Gaussian processes (HSGP; Riutort-Mayol et al. 2023 <doi:10.1007/s11222-022-10167-2>), nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes (NNGP; Datta et al. 2016 <doi:10.1080/01621459.2015.1044091>), intrinsic conditional autoregressive models (ICAR; Besag, York, and Mollie 1991 <doi:10.1007/BF00116466>), the reparameterized Besag-York-Mollie model (BYM2; Riebler et al. 2016 <doi:10.1177/0962280216660421>), and stochastic partial differential equation fields (SPDE; Lindgren, Rue, and Lindstrom 2011 <doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2011.00777.x>). Temporal structure covers random walks, autoregressive processes, and Gaussian processes. Inference is tiered by correctness guarantee: exact Hamiltonian Monte Carlo with the No-U-Turn sampler, Laplace and nested Laplace approximations with hyperparameter integration (Rue, Martino, and Chopin 2009 <doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00700.x>), and variational inference. Model-specific packages plug observation likelihoods into the engine through a templated C++ callback interface. Software Depends: R (>= 4.1.0) Imports: Rcpp (>= 1.0.12), Matrix, tulpaMesh (>= 0.1.3), generics, stats, tools, utils, methods, graphics, grDevices LinkingTo: Rcpp, RcppEigen, Matrix Suggests: testthat (>= 3.0.0), bayesplot, ggplot2, sf, terra, knitr, rmarkdown, posterior (>= 1.5.0), loo (>= 2.7.0), rstantools, lme4, nlme, lmtest, numDeriv, spdep, MASS, betareg, glmmTMB, pscl, tweedie, fmesher, patchwork, stars, statmod, withr Gilles Colling <gilles.colling051@gmail.com> Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) Gilles Colling [aut, cre, cph] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3070-6066>), Frances Y. Kuo [ctb, cph] (Sobol direction numbers in src/sobol_direction_numbers.h, BSD-3-clause), Stephen Joe [ctb, cph] (Sobol direction numbers in src/sobol_direction_numbers.h, BSD-3-clause) MIT + file LICENSE (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tulpa/LICENSE) 2026-09-24 application/tgz https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tulpa doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.tulpa en-US