JEL Classification Codes

The JEL Classification System is a subject classification system for economics derived from Journal of Economic Literature of the American Economic Association. (See also Wikipedia.)

• A: General Economics and Teaching
  • A1: General Economics
    • A10: General
    • A11: Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
    • A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
    • A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values
    • A14: Sociology of Economics
    • A19: Other
  • A2: Economics Education and Teaching of Economics
    • A20: General
    • A21: Pre-college
    • A22: Undergraduate
    • A23: Graduate
    • A29: Other
  • A3: Collective Works
    • A30: General
    • A31: Collected Writings of Individuals
    • A32: Volumes
    • A33: Handbooks
    • A39: Other
• B: Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology
  • B0: General
    • B00: General
  • B1: History of Economic Thought through 1925
    • B10: General
    • B11: Preclassical
    • B12: Classical
    • B13: Neoclassical through 1925
    • B14: Socialist; Marxist
    • B15: Historical; Institutional
    • B16: History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
    • B19: Other
  • B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925
    • B20: General
    • B21: Microeconomics
    • B22: Macroeconomics
    • B23: History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
    • B24: Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
    • B25: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
    • B29: Other
  • B3: History of Thought: Individuals
    • B30: General
    • B31: Individuals
    • B32: Obituaries
  • B4: Economic Methodology
    • B40: General
    • B41: Economic Methodology
    • B49: Other
  • B5: Current Heterodox Approaches
    • B50: General
    • B51: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
    • B52: Institutional; Evolutionary
    • B53: Austrian
    • B54: Feminist Economics
    • B59: Other
• C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
  • C0: General
    • C00: General
    • C01: Econometrics
    • C02: Mathematical Methods
  • C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
    • C10: General
    • C11: Bayesian Analysis
    • C12: Hypothesis Testing
    • C13: Estimation
    • C14: Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
    • C15: Simulation Methods
    • C16: Specific Distributions
    • C19: Other
  • C2: Single Equation Models; Single Variables
    • C20: General
    • C21: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
    • C22: Time-Series Models
    • C23: Models with Panel Data
    • C24: Truncated and Censored Models
    • C25: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
    • C29: Other
  • C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
    • C30: General
    • C31: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
    • C32: Time-Series Models
    • C33: Models with Panel Data
    • C34: Truncated and Censored Models
    • C35: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
    • C39: Other
  • C4: Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
    • C40: General
    • C41: Duration Analysis
    • C43: Index Numbers and Aggregation
    • C44: Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
    • C45: Neural Networks and Related Topics
    • C46: Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics
    • C49: Other
  • C5: Econometric Modeling
    • C50: General
    • C51: Model Construction and Estimation
    • C52: Model Evaluation and Selection
    • C53: Forecasting and Other Model Applications
    • C59: Other
  • C6: Mathematical Methods and Programming
    • C60: General
    • C61: Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
    • C62: Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
    • C63: Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
    • C65: Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
    • C67: Input-Output Models
    • C68: Computable General Equilibrium Models
    • C69: Other
  • C7: Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
    • C70: General
    • C71: Cooperative Games
    • C72: Noncooperative Games
    • C73: Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
    • C78: Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
    • C79: Other
  • C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
    • C80: General
    • C81: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
    • C82: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
    • C83: Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
    • C87: Econometric Software
    • C88: Other Computer Software
    • C89: Other
  • C9: Design of Experiments
    • C90: General
    • C91: Laboratory, Individual Behavior
    • C92: Laboratory, Group Behavior
    • C93: Field Experiments
    • C99: Other
• D: Microeconomics
  • D0: General
    • D00: General
    • D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
    • D02: Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
    • D03: Behavioral Economics; Underlying Principles
  • D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics
    • D10: General
    • D11: Consumer Economics: Theory
    • D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
    • D13: Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
    • D14: Personal Finance
    • D18: Consumer Protection
    • D19: Other
  • D2: Production and Organizations
    • D20: General
    • D21: Firm Behavior
    • D23: Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
    • D24: Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
    • D29: Other
  • D3: Distribution
    • D30: General
    • D31: Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
    • D33: Factor Income Distribution
    • D39: Other
  • D4: Market Structure and Pricing
    • D40: General
    • D41: Perfect Competition
    • D42: Monopoly
    • D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
    • D44: Auctions
    • D45: Rationing; Licensing
    • D46: Value Theory
    • D49: Other
  • D5: General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
    • D50: General
    • D51: Exchange and Production Economies
    • D52: Incomplete Markets
    • D53: Financial Markets
    • D57: Input-Output Tables and Analysis
    • D58: Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
    • D59: Other
  • D6: Welfare Economics
    • D60: General
    • D61: Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
    • D62: Externalities
    • D63: Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • D64: Altruism
    • D69: Other
  • D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
    • D70: General
    • D71: Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
    • D72: Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
    • D73: Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
    • D74: Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
    • D78: Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
    • D79: Other
  • D8: Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
    • D80: General
    • D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
    • D82: Asymmetric and Private Information
    • D83: Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
    • D84: Expectations; Speculations
    • D85: Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
    • D86: Economics of Contract: Theory
    • D87: Neuroeconomics
    • D89: Other
  • D9: Intertemporal Choice and Growth
    • D90: General
    • D91: Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
    • D92: Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
    • D99: Other
• E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
  • E0: General
    • E00: General
    • E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
    • E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy
  • E1: General Aggregative Models
    • E10: General
    • E11: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
    • E12: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
    • E13: Neoclassical
    • E17: Forecasting and Simulation
    • E19: Other
  • E2: Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • E20: General
    • E21: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • E22: Capital; Investment; Capacity
    • E23: Production
    • E24: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
    • E25: Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
    • E26: Informal Economy; Underground Economy
    • E27: Forecasting and Simulation
    • E29: Other
  • E3: Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E30: General
    • E31: Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E32: Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E37: Forecasting and Simulation
    • E39: Other
  • E4: Money and Interest Rates
    • E40: General
    • E41: Demand for Money
    • E42: Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
    • E43: Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
    • E44: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E47: Forecasting and Simulation
    • E49: Other
  • E5: Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    • E50: General
    • E51: Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • E52: Monetary Policy
    • E58: Central Banks and Their Policies
    • E59: Other
  • E6: Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
    • E60: General
    • E61: Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
    • E62: Fiscal Policy
    • E63: Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
    • E64: Incomes Policy; Price Policy
    • E65: Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
    • E66: General Outlook and Conditions
    • E69: Other
• F: International Economics
  • F0: General
    • F00: General
    • F01: Global Outlook
    • F02: International Economic Order
  • F1: Trade
    • F10: General
    • F11: Neoclassical Models of Trade
    • F12: Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
    • F13: Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • F14: Country and Industry Studies of Trade
    • F15: Economic Integration
    • F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions
    • F17: Trade Forecasting and Simulation
    • F18: Trade and Environment
    • F19: Other
  • F2: International Factor Movements and International Business
    • F20: General
    • F21: International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
    • F22: International Migration
    • F23: Multinational Firms; International Business
    • F24: Remittances
    • F29: Other
  • F3: International Finance
    • F30: General
    • F31: Foreign Exchange
    • F32: Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
    • F33: International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
    • F34: International Lending and Debt Problems
    • F35: Foreign Aid
    • F36: Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
    • F37: International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
    • F39: Other
  • F4: Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
    • F40: General
    • F41: Open Economy Macroeconomics
    • F42: International Policy Coordination and Transmission
    • F43: Economic Growth of Open Economies
    • F47: Forecasting and Simulation
    • F49: Other
  • F5: International Relations and International Political Economy
    • F50: General
    • F51: International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
    • F52: National Security; Economic Nationalism
    • F53: International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
    • F54: Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
    • F55: International Institutional Arrangements
    • F59: International Relations and International Political Economy: Other
• G: Financial Economics
  • G0: General
    • G00: General
    • G01: Financial Crises
  • G1: General Financial Markets
    • G10: General
    • G11: Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G12: Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G13: Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
    • G14: Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
    • G15: International Financial Markets
    • G17: Financial Forecasting
    • G18: Government Policy and Regulation
    • G19: Other
  • G2: Financial Institutions and Services
    • G20: General
    • G21: Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G22: Insurance; Insurance Companies
    • G23: Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions
    • G24: Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
    • G28: Government Policy and Regulation
    • G29: Other
  • G3: Corporate Finance and Governance
    • G30: General
    • G31: Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32: Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
    • G33: Bankruptcy; Liquidation
    • G34: Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
    • G35: Payout Policy
    • G38: Government Policy and Regulation
    • G39: Other
• H: Public Economics
  • H0: General
    • H00: General
  • H1: Structure and Scope of Government
    • H10: General
    • H11: Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
    • H19: Other
  • H2: Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • H20: General
    • H21: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
    • H22: Incidence
    • H23: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H24: Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H25: Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H26: Tax Evasion
    • H27: Other Sources of Revenue
    • H29: Other
  • H3: Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
    • H30: General
    • H31: Household
    • H32: Firm
    • H39: Other
  • H4: Publicly Provided Goods
    • H40: General
    • H41: Public Goods
    • H42: Publicly Provided Private Goods
    • H43: Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
    • H44: Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
    • H49: Other
  • H5: National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
    • H50: General
    • H51: Government Expenditures and Health
    • H52: Government Expenditures and Education
    • H53: Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
    • H54: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
    • H55: Social Security and Public Pensions
    • H56: National Security and War
    • H57: Procurement
    • H59: Other
  • H6: National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
    • H60: General
    • H61: Budget; Budget Systems
    • H62: Deficit; Surplus
    • H63: Debt; Debt Management
    • H68: Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
    • H69: Other
  • H7: State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
    • H70: General
    • H71: State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • H72: State and Local Budget and Expenditures
    • H73: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
    • H74: State and Local Borrowing
    • H75: State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • H76: State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
    • H77: Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
    • H79: Other
  • H8: Miscellaneous Issues
    • H80: General
    • H81: Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants
    • H82: Governmental Property
    • H83: Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
    • H87: International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
    • H89: Other
• I: Health, Education, and Welfare
  • I0: General
    • I00: General
  • I1: Health
    • I10: General
    • I11: Analysis of Health Care Markets
    • I12: Health Production
    • I18: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
    • I19: Other
  • I2: Education and Research Insititutions
    • I20: General
    • I21: Analysis of Education
    • I22: Educational Finance
    • I23: Higher Education Research Institutions
    • I28: Government Policy
    • I29: Other
  • I3: Welfare and Poverty
    • I30: General
    • I31: General Welfare
    • I32: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
    • I38: Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    • I39: Other
• J: Labor and Demographic Economics
  • J0: General
    • J00: General
    • J01: Labor Economics: General
    • J08: Labor Economics Policies
  • J1: Demographic Economics
    • J10: General
    • J11: Demographic Trends and Forecasts
    • J12: Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
    • J13: Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • J14: Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
    • J15: Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J16: Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J17: Value of Life; Forgone Income
    • J18: Public Policy
    • J19: Other
  • J2: Demand and Supply of Labor
    • J20: General
    • J21: Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J23: Labor Demand
    • J24: Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J26: Retirement; Retirement Policies
    • J28: Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
    • J29: Other
  • J3: Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
    • J30: General
    • J31: Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J32: Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
    • J33: Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
    • J38: Public Policy
    • J39: Other
  • J4: Particular Labor Markets
    • J40: General
    • J41: Labor Contracts
    • J42: Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
    • J43: Agricultural Labor Markets
    • J44: Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
    • J45: Public Sector Labor Markets
    • J48: Public Policy
    • J49: Other
  • J5: Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
    • J50: General
    • J51: Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
    • J52: Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
    • J53: Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
    • J54: Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
    • J58: Public Policy
    • J59: Other
  • J6: Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
    • J60: General
    • J61: Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
    • J62: Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
    • J63: Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
    • J64: Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
    • J65: Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
    • J68: Public Policy
    • J69: Other
  • J7: Labor Discrimination
    • J70: General
    • J71: Discrimination
    • J78: Public Policy
    • J79: Other
  • J8: Labor Standards: National and International
    • J80: General
    • J81: Working Conditions
    • J82: Labor Force Composition
    • J83: Workers' Rights
    • J88: Public Policy
    • J89: Other
• K: Law and Economics
  • K0: General
    • K00: General
  • K1: Basic Areas of Law
    • K10: General
    • K11: Property Law
    • K12: Contract Law
    • K13: Tort Law and Product Liability
    • K14: Criminal Law
    • K19: Other
  • K2: Regulation and Business Law
    • K20: General
    • K21: Antitrust Law
    • K22: Corporation and Securities Law
    • K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
    • K29: Other
  • K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law
    • K30: General
    • K31: Labor Law
    • K32: Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
    • K33: International Law
    • K34: Tax Law
    • K35: Personal Bankruptcy Law
    • K36: Family and Personal Law
    • K39: Other
  • K4: Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
    • K40: General
    • K41: Litigation Process
    • K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    • K49: Other
• L: Industrial Organization
  • L0: General
    • L00: General
  • L1: Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
    • L10: General
    • L11: Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
    • L12: Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
    • L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
    • L14: Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
    • L15: Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
    • L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
    • L17: Open Source Products and Markets
    • L19: Other
  • L2: Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
    • L20: General
    • L21: Business Objectives of the Firm
    • L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure
    • L23: Organization of Production
    • L24: Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
    • L25: Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
    • L26: Entrepreneurship
    • L29: Other
  • L3: Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
    • L30: General
    • L31: Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
    • L32: Public Enterprises
    • L33: Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out
    • L38: Public Policy
    • L39: Other
  • L4: Antitrust Issues and Policies
    • L40: General
    • L41: Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
    • L42: Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
    • L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
    • L44: Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
    • L49: Other
  • L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy
    • L50: General
    • L51: Economics of Regulation
    • L52: Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
    • L53: Enterprise Policy
    • L59: Other
  • L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing
    • L60: General
    • L61: Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
    • L62: Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
    • L63: Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
    • L64: Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
    • L65: Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
    • L66: Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
    • L67: Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
    • L68: Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
    • L69: Other
  • L7: Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
    • L70: General
    • L71: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
    • L72: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
    • L73: Forest Products
    • L74: Construction
    • L78: Government Policy
    • L79: Other
  • L8: Industry Studies: Services
    • L80: General
    • L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
    • L82: Entertainment; Media
    • L83: Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
    • L84: Personal, Professional, and Business Services
    • L85: Real Estate Services
    • L86: Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
    • L87: Postal and Delivery Services
    • L88: Government Policy
    • L89: Other
  • L9: Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
    • L90: General
    • L91: Transportation: General
    • L92: Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
    • L93: Air Transportation
    • L94: Electric Utilities
    • L95: Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
    • L96: Telecommunications
    • L97: Utilities: General
    • L98: Government Policy
    • L99: Other
• M: Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
  • M0: General
    • M00: General
  • M1: Business Administration
    • M10: General
    • M11: Production Management
    • M12: Personnel Management
    • M13: New Firms; Startups
    • M14: Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
    • M15: IT Management
    • M16: International Business Administration
    • M19: Other
  • M2: Business Economics
    • M20: General
    • M21: Business Economics
    • M29: Other
  • M3: Marketing and Advertising
    • M30: General
    • M31: Marketing
    • M37: Advertising
    • M38: Government Policy and Regulation
    • M39: Other
  • M4: Accounting and Auditing
    • M40: General
    • M41: Accounting
    • M42: Auditing
    • M48: Government Policy and Regulation
    • M49: Other
  • M5: Personnel Economics
    • M50: General
    • M51: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
    • M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
    • M53: Training
    • M54: Labor Management
    • M55: Labor Contracting Devices
    • M59: Other
• N: Economic History
  • N0: General
    • N00: General
    • N01: Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
  • N1: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
    • N10: General, International, or Comparative
    • N11: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N12: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N13: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N14: Europe: 1913-
    • N15: Asia including Middle East
    • N16: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N17: Africa; Oceania
  • N2: Financial Markets and Institutions
    • N20: General, International, or Comparative
    • N21: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N22: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N23: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N24: Europe: 1913-
    • N25: Asia including Middle East
    • N26: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N27: Africa; Oceania
  • N3: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion
    • N30: General, International, or Comparative
    • N31: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N32: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N33: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N34: Europe: 1913-
    • N35: Asia including Middle East
    • N36: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N37: Africa; Oceania
  • N4: Government, War, Law, and Regulation
    • N40: General, International, or Comparative
    • N41: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N42: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N43: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N44: Europe: 1913-
    • N45: Asia including Middle East
    • N46: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N47: Africa; Oceania
  • N5: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
    • N50: General, International, or Comparative
    • N51: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N52: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N53: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N54: Europe: 1913-
    • N55: Asia including Middle East
    • N56: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N57: Africa; Oceania
  • N6: Manufacturing and Construction
    • N60: General, International, or Comparative
    • N61: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N62: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N63: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N64: Europe: 1913-
    • N65: Asia including Middle East
    • N66: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N67: Africa; Oceania
  • N7: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
    • N70: General, International, or Comparative
    • N71: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N72: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N73: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N74: Europe: 1913-
    • N75: Asia including Middle East
    • N76: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N77: Africa; Oceania
  • N8: Micro-Business History
    • N80: General, International, or Comparative
    • N81: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N82: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N83: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N84: Europe: 1913-
    • N85: Asia including Middle East
    • N86: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N87: Africa; Oceania
  • N9: Regional and Urban History
    • N90: General, International, or Comparative
    • N91: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N92: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • N93: Europe: Pre-1913
    • N94: Europe: 1913-
    • N95: Asia including Middle East
    • N96: Latin America; Caribbean
    • N97: Africa; Oceania
• O: Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
  • O1: Economic Development
    • O10: General
    • O11: Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • O13: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • O14: Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
    • O15: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • O16: Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
    • O17: Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
    • O18: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
    • O19: International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
  • O2: Development Planning and Policy
    • O20: General
    • O21: Planning Models; Planning Policy
    • O22: Project Analysis
    • O23: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
    • O24: Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
    • O25: Industrial Policy
    • O29: Other
  • O3: Technological Change; Research and Development
    • O30: General
    • O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    • O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • O34: Intellectual Property Rights
    • O38: Government Policy
    • O39: Other
  • O4: Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
    • O40: General
    • O41: One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
    • O42: Monetary Growth Models
    • O43: Institutions and Growth
    • O47: Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
    • O49: Other
  • O5: Economywide Country Studies
    • O50: General
    • O51: U.S.; Canada
    • O52: Europe
    • O53: Asia including Middle East
    • O54: Latin America; Caribbean
    • O55: Africa
    • O56: Oceania
    • O57: Comparative Studies of Countries
• P: Economic Systems
  • P0: General
    • P00: General
  • P1: Capitalist Systems
    • P10: General
    • P11: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
    • P12: Capitalist Enterprises
    • P13: Cooperative Enterprises
    • P14: Property Rights
    • P16: Political Economy
    • P17: Performance and Prospects
    • P19: Other
  • P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
    • P20: General
    • P21: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
    • P22: Prices
    • P23: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
    • P24: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
    • P25: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
    • P26: Political Economy; Property Rights
    • P27: Performance and Prospects
    • P28: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
    • P29: Other
  • P3: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
    • P30: General
    • P31: Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
    • P32: Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
    • P33: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
    • P34: Financial Economics
    • P35: Public Economics
    • P36: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training, Welfare, and Poverty
    • P37: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
    • P39: Other
  • P4: Other Economic Systems
    • P40: General
    • P41: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
    • P42: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
    • P43: Public Economics; Financial Economics
    • P44: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
    • P45: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
    • P46: Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
    • P47: Performance and Prospects
    • P48: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights
    • P49: Other
  • P5: Comparative Economic Systems
    • P50: General
    • P51: Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
    • P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
    • P59: Other
• Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
  • Q0: General
    • Q00: General
    • Q01: Sustainable Development
  • Q1: Agriculture
    • Q10: General
    • Q11: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
    • Q12: Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    • Q13: Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
    • Q14: Agricultural Finance
    • Q15: Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
    • Q16: R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
    • Q17: Agriculture in International Trade
    • Q18: Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
    • Q19: Other
  • Q2: Renewable Resources and Conservation
    • Q20: General
    • Q21: Demand and Supply
    • Q22: Fishery; Aquaculture
    • Q23: Forestry
    • Q24: Land
    • Q25: Water
    • Q26: Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
    • Q27: Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
    • Q28: Government Policy
    • Q29: Other
  • Q3: Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
    • Q30: General
    • Q31: Demand and Supply
    • Q32: Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
    • Q34: Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
    • Q33: Resource Booms
    • Q38: Government Policy
    • Q39: Other
  • Q4: Energy
    • Q40: General
    • Q41: Demand and Supply
    • Q42: Alternative Energy Sources
    • Q43: Energy and the Macroeconomy
    • Q48: Government Policy
    • Q49: Other
  • Q5: Environmental Economics
    • Q50: General
    • Q51: Valuation of Environmental Effects
    • Q52: Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
    • Q53: Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q54: Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
    • Q55: Technological Innovation
    • Q56: Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
    • Q57: Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
    • Q58: Government Policy
    • Q59: Other
• R: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
  • R0: General
    • R00: General
  • R1: General Regional Economics
    • R10: General
    • R11: Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    • R12: Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    • R13: General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
    • R14: Land Use Patterns
    • R15: Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
    • R19: Other
  • R2: Household Analysis
    • R20: General
    • R21: Housing Demand
    • R22: Other Demand
    • R23: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
    • R28: Government Policy
    • R29: Other
  • R3: Production Analysis and Firm Location
    • R30: General
    • R31: Housing Supply and Markets
    • R32: Other Production and Pricing Analysis
    • R33: Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
    • R34: Input Demand Analysis
    • R38: Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
    • R39: Other
  • R4: Transportation Systems
    • R40: General
    • R41: Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
    • R42: Government and Private Investment Analysis
    • R48: Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies; Transportation Planning
    • R49: Other
  • R5: Regional Government Analysis
    • R50: General
    • R51: Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
    • R52: Land Use and Other Regulations
    • R53: Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
    • R58: Regional Development Policy
    • R59: Other
• Y: Miscellaneous Categories
  • Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
    • Y10: Data: Tables and Charts
  • Y2: Introductory Material
    • Y20: Introductory Material
  • Y3: Book Reviews (unclassified)
    • Y30: Book Reviews (unclassified)
  • Y4: Dissertations (unclassified)
    • Y40: Dissertations (unclassified)
  • Y5: Further Reading (unclassified)
    • Y50: Further Reading (unclassified)
  • Y6: Excerpts
    • Y60: Excerpts
  • Y8: Related Disciplines
    • Y80: Related Disciplines
  • Y9: Other
    • Y90: Other
• Z: Other Special Topics
  • Z0: General
    • Z00: General
  • Z1: Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
    • Z10: General
    • Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature
    • Z12: Religion
    • Z13: Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
    • Z19: Other