Functions for causal structure
  learning and causal inference using graphical models. The main algorithms
  for causal structure learning are PC (for observational data without hidden
  variables), FCI and RFCI (for observational data with hidden variables),
  and GIES (for a mix of data from observational studies
  (i.e. observational data) and data from experiments
  involving interventions (i.e. interventional data) without hidden
  variables). For causal inference the IDA algorithm, the Generalized
  Backdoor Criterion (GBC), the Generalized Adjustment Criterion (GAC)
  and some related functions are implemented. Functions for incorporating
  background knowledge are provided.

Implements transformations of p-values to the smallest possible Bayes factor within the specified class of alternative hypotheses, as described in Held & Ott (2018, <doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-031017-100307>). Covers several common testing scenarios such as z-tests, t-tests, likelihood ratio tests and the F-test.

Compute the price of different types of call using different methods. The types available are Vanilla European Calls, Vanilla American Calls and American Digital Calls. Available methods are Montecarlo Simulation, Montecarlo Simulation with Antithetic Variates, Black-Scholes and the Binary Tree.

Matches cases to controls based on genotype principal components (PC). 
      In order to produce better results, matches are based on the weighted 
      distance of PCs where the weights are equal to the % variance explained 
      by that PC. A weighted Mahalanobis distance metric (Kidd et al. (1987)
      <DOI:10.1016/0031-3203(87)90066-5>) is used to determine matches.

Implements principal component analysis, orthogonal rotation and multiple
    factor analysis for a mixture of quantitative and qualitative variables.

Fast and Accurate Randomized Singular Value Decomposition (RSVD) methods proposed in the 'PCAone' paper by Li (2023) <https://genome.cshlp.org/content/33/9/1599>.

Accurate classification of breast cancer tumors based on gene expression data is not a trivial task, and it lacks standard practices.The 'PAM50' classifier, which uses 50 gene centroid correlation distances to classify tumors, faces challenges with balancing estrogen receptor (ER) status and gene centering. The 'PCAPAM50' package leverages principal component analysis and iterative 'PAM50' calls to create a gene expression-based ER-balanced subset for gene centering, avoiding the use of protein expression-based ER data resulting into an enhanced Breast Cancer subtyping.