Defense	NN	defense
mechanisms	NNS	mechanism
Phasmatodea	NP	<unknown>
species	NN	species
exhibit	NN	exhibit
mechanisms	NNS	mechanism
for	IN	for
defense	NN	defense
from	IN	from
predators	NNS	predator
that		IN	that
both	DT	both
prevent	VB	prevent
an	DT	an
attack	NN	attack
from	IN	from
happening	VBG	happen
in	IN	in
the	DT	the
first	JJ	first
place	NN	place
(	(	(
primary	JJ	primary
defense	NN	defense
)	)	)
and	CC	and
are	VBP	be
deployed	VBN	deploy
after	IN	after
an	DT	an
attack	NN	attack
has	VBZ	have
been	VBN	be
initiated	VBN	initiate
(	(	(
secondary	JJ	secondary
defense)	NN	<unknown>
.	SENT	.
The	DT	the
defense	NN	defense
mechanism	NN	mechanism
most	RBS	most
readily	RB	readily
identifiable	JJ	identifiable
with	IN	with
Phasmatodea	NP	<unknown>
is	VBZ	be
camouflage	NN	camouflage
.	SENT	.
Most	JJS	most
phasmids	NNS	phasmid
are	VBP	be
known	VBN	know
for	IN	for
effectively	RB	effectively
replicating	VBG	replicate
the	DT	the
forms	NNS	form
of	IN	of
sticks	NNS	stick
and	CC	and
leaves	NNS	leave
,	,	,
and	CC	and
the	DT	the
bodies	NNS	body
of	IN	of
some	DT	some
species	NN	species
(	(	(
such	JJ	such
as	IN	as
O.	NP	O.
macklotti	NP	<unknown>
and	CC	and
Palophus	NP	<unknown>
centaurus	NNS	<unknown>
)	)	)
are	VBP	be
covered	VBN	cover
in	IN	in
mossy	JJ	mossy
or	CC	or
lichenous	JJ	lichenous
outgrowths	NNS	outgrowth
that	WDT	that
supplement	VBP	supplement
their	PP$	their
disguise	NN	disguise
.	SENT	.
Some	DT	some
species	NNS	specie
have	VBP	have
the	DT	the
ability	NN	ability
to	TO	to
change	VB	change
color	NN	color
as	IN	as
their	PP$	their
surroundings	NN	surroundings
shift	NN	shift
(	(	(
B.	NP	B.
scabrinota	NP	<unknown>
,	,	,
T.	NP	T.
californica)	NP	<unknown>
.	SENT	.
In	IN	in
a	DT	a
further	RBR	further
behavioral	JJ	behavioral
adaptation	NN	adaptation
to	TO	to
supplement	VB	supplement
crypsis	NN	<unknown>
,	,	,
a	DT	a
number	NN	number
of	IN	of
species	NNS	specie
have	VBP	have
been	VBN	be
noted	VBN	note
to	TO	to
perform	VB	perform
a	DT	a
rocking	VBG	rock
motion	NN	motion
where	WRB	where
the	DT	the
body	NN	body
is	VBZ	be
swayed	VBN	sway
from	IN	from
side	NN	side
to	TO	to
side	NN	side
that	WDT	that
is	VBZ	be
thought	VBN	think
to	TO	to
reflect	VB	reflect
the	DT	the
movement	NN	movement
of	IN	of
leaves	NNS	leave
or	CC	or
twigs	NNS	twig
swaying	VBG	sway
in	IN	in
the	DT	the
breeze	NN	breeze
.	SENT	.
Another	DT	another
method	NN	method
by	IN	by
which	WDT	which
stick	VBP	stick
insects	NNS	insect
avoid	VB	avoid
predation	NN	predation
and	CC	and
resemble	VB	resemble
twigs	NNS	twig
is	VBZ	be
by	IN	by
feigning	VBG	feign
death	NN	death
(	(	(
catalepsy	NN	catalepsy
)	)	)
,	,	,
where	WRB	where
the	DT	the
insect	NN	insect
enters	VBZ	enter
a	DT	a
motionless	JJ	motionless
state	NN	state
that	WDT	that
can	MD	can
be	VB	be
maintained	VBN	maintain
for	IN	for
a	DT	a
long	JJ	long
period	NN	period
.	SENT	.
The	DT	the
nocturnal	JJ	nocturnal
feeding	NN	feeding
habits	NNS	habit
of	IN	of
adults	NNS	adult
also	RB	also
aids	VBZ	aid
Phasmatodea	NP	<unknown>
in	IN	in
remaining	VBG	remain
concealed	VBN	conceal
from	IN	from
predators	NNS	predator
.	SENT	.
In	IN	in
a	DT	a
seemingly	RB	seemingly
opposite	JJ	opposite
method	NN	method
of	IN	of
defense	NN	defense
,	,	,
many	JJ	many
species	NNS	specie
of	IN	of
Phasmatodea	NP	<unknown>
will	MD	will
seek	VB	seek
to	TO	to
startle	VB	startle
the	DT	the
encroaching	VBG	encroach
predator	NN	predator
by	IN	by
flashing	VBG	flash
bright	JJ	bright
colors	NNS	color
that	WDT	that
are	VBP	be
normally	RB	normally
hidden	JJ	hidden
and	CC	and
making	VBG	make
a	DT	a
loud	JJ	loud
noise	NN	noise
.	SENT	.
When	WRB	when
disturbed	VBN	disturb
on	IN	on
a	DT	a
branch	NN	branch
or	CC	or
foliage	NN	foliage
,	,	,
some	DT	some
species	NN	species
,	,	,
while	IN	while
dropping	VBG	drop
to	TO	to
the	DT	the
undergrowth	NN	undergrowth
to	TO	to
escape	VB	escape
,	,	,
will	MD	will
open	VB	open
their	PP$	their
wings	NNS	wing
momentarily	RB	momentarily
during	IN	during
free	JJ	free
fall	NN	fall
to	TO	to
display	VB	display
bright	JJ	bright
colors	NNS	color
that	WDT	that
disappear	VBP	disappear
when	WRB	when
the	DT	the
insect	NN	insect
lands	NNS	land
.	SENT	.
Others	NNS	other
will	MD	will
maintain	VB	maintain
their	PP$	their
display	NN	display
for	IN	for
up	IN	up
to	TO	to
20	CD	@card@
minutes	NNS	minute
,	,	,
hoping	VBG	hope
to	TO	to
frighten	VB	frighten
the	DT	the
predator	NN	predator
and	CC	and
convey	VB	convey
the	DT	the
appearance	NN	appearance
of	IN	of
a	DT	a
larger	JJR	large
size	NN	size
.	SENT	.
Some	DT	some
accompany	VBP	accompany
the	DT	the
visual	JJ	visual
display	NN	display
with	IN	with
noise	NN	noise
made	VBN	make
by	IN	by
rubbing	VBG	rub
together	RB	together
parts	NNS	part
of	IN	of
the	DT	the
wings	NNS	wing
or	CC	or
antennae	NNS	antenna
.	SENT	.
Some	DT	some
species	NNS	specie
,	,	,
such	JJ	such
as	IN	as
the	DT	the
young	JJ	young
nymphs	NNS	nymph
of	IN	of
E.	NP	E.
tiaratum	NN	<unknown>
,	,	,
have	VBP	have
been	VBN	be
observed	VBN	observe
to	TO	to
curl	VB	curl
the	DT	the
abdomen	NN	abdomen
upwards	RB	upwards
over	IN	over
the	DT	the
body	NN	body
and	CC	and
head	NN	head
to	TO	to
resemble	VB	resemble
ants	NNS	ant
or	CC	or
scorpions	NNS	scorpion
in	IN	in
an	DT	an
act	NN	act
of	IN	of
mimicry	NN	mimicry
,	,	,
another	DT	another
defense	NN	defense
mechanism	NN	mechanism
by	IN	by
which	WDT	which
the	DT	the
insects	NNS	insect
avoid	VBP	avoid
becoming	VBG	become
prey	NN	prey
.	SENT	.
When	WRB	when
threatened	VBN	threaten
,	,	,
some	DT	some
phasmids	NNS	phasmid
that	WDT	that
are	VBP	be
equipped	VBN	equip
with	IN	with
femoral	JJ	femoral
spines	NNS	spine
on	IN	on
the	DT	the
metathoracic	JJ	metathoracic
legs	NNS	leg
(	(	(
O.	NP	O.
martini	NN	martini
,	,	,
Eurycantha	NN	<unknown>
calcarata	NNS	<unknown>
,	,	,
Eurycantha	NP	<unknown>
horrida	NP	<unknown>
,	,	,
D.	NP	D.
veiliei	NP	<unknown>
,	,	,
D.	NP	D.
covilleae	NNS	<unknown>
)	)	)
respond	VBP	respond
by	IN	by
curling	VBG	curl
the	DT	the
abdomen	NN	abdomen
upward	RB	upward
and	CC	and
repeatedly	RB	repeatedly
swinging	VBG	swing
the	DT	the
legs	NNS	leg
together	RB	together
,	,	,
grasping	VBG	grasp
at	IN	at
the	DT	the
threat	NN	threat
.	SENT	.
If	IN	if
the	DT	the
menace	NN	menace
is	VBZ	be
caught	VBN	catch
,	,	,
the	DT	the
spines	NNS	spine
can	MD	can
draw	VB	draw
blood	NN	blood
and	CC	and
inflict	VB	inflict
considerable	JJ	considerable
pain.[5	NN	<unknown>
]	SYM	]
A	DT	a
number	NN	number
of	IN	of
species	NNS	specie
are	VBP	be
equipped	VBN	equip
with	IN	with
a	DT	a
pair	NN	pair
of	IN	of
glands	NNS	gland
at	IN	at
the	DT	the
anterior	JJ	anterior
edge	NN	edge
of	IN	of
the	DT	the
prothorax	NN	prothorax
that	WDT	that
enable	VBP	enable
the	DT	the
insect	NN	insect
to	TO	to
release	VB	release
defensive	JJ	defensive
secretions	NNS	secretion
,	,	,
including	VBG	include
chemical	JJ	chemical
compounds	NNS	compound
of	IN	of
varying	VBG	vary
effect	NN	effect
:	:	:
from	IN	from
the	DT	the
production	NN	production
of	IN	of
distinct	JJ	distinct
odors	NNS	odor
to	TO	to
the	DT	the
causing	VBG	cause
of	IN	of
a	DT	a
stinging	JJ	stinging
,	,	,
burning	VBG	burn
sensation	NN	sensation
in	IN	in
the	DT	the
eyes	NNS	eye
and	CC	and
mouth	NN	mouth
of	IN	of
a	DT	a
predator	NN	predator
.	SENT	.
The	DT	the
spray	NN	spray
often	RB	often
contains	VBZ	contain
pungent-smelling	VBG	<unknown>
volatile	JJ	volatile
metabolites	NNS	metabolite
,	,	,
thought	VBD	think
to	TO	to
be	VB	be
concentrated	VBN	concentrate
in	IN	in
the	DT	the
insect	NN	insect
from	IN	from
its	PP$	its
plant	NN	plant
food	NN	food
sources	NNS	source
.	SENT	.
The	DT	the
spray	NN	spray
from	IN	from
one	CD	one
species	NNS	specie
,	,	,
Megacrania	NP	<unknown>
nigrosulfurea	NN	<unknown>
,	,	,
is	VBZ	be
even	RB	even
used	VBN	use
as	IN	as
a	DT	a
treatment	NN	treatment
for	IN	for
skin	NN	skin
infections	NNS	infection
by	IN	by
a	DT	a
tribe	NN	tribe
in	IN	in
Papua	NP	Papua
New	NP	New
Guinea	NP	Guinea
because	IN	because
of	IN	of
its	PP$	its
antibacterial	NN	antibacterial
constituents.[6	NN	<unknown>
]	SYM	]
Some	DT	some
species	NNS	specie
employ	VBP	employ
a	DT	a
shorter-range	JJ	shorter-range
defensive	JJ	defensive
secretion	NN	secretion
,	,	,
where	WRB	where
individuals	NNS	individual
bleed	VBP	bleed
reflexively	RB	reflexively
through	IN	through
the	DT	the
joints	NNS	joint
of	IN	of
their	PP$	their
legs	NNS	leg
and	CC	and
the	DT	the
seems	VBZ	seem
of	IN	of
the	DT	the
exoskeleton	NN	exoskeleton
when	WRB	when
bothered	VBN	bother
,	,	,
allowing	VBG	allow
the	DT	the
blood	NN	blood
(	(	(
hemolymph	NN	<unknown>
)	)	)
,	,	,
which	WDT	which
contains	VBZ	contain
distasteful	JJ	distasteful
additives	NNS	additive
,	,	,
to	TO	to
discourage	VB	discourage
predators	NNS	predator
.	SENT	.
Stick	NP	Stick
insects	NNS	insect
,	,	,
like	IN	like
their	PP$	their
distant	JJ	distant
relation	NN	relation
the	DT	the
grasshopper	NN	grasshopper
,	,	,
can	MD	can
also	RB	also
discharge	VB	discharge
the	DT	the
contents	NNS	content
of	IN	of
their	PP$	their
stomach	NN	stomach
through	IN	through
vomiting	VBG	vomit
when	WRB	when
harassed	VBN	harass
,	,	,
a	DT	a
fluid	NN	fluid
that	WDT	that
is	VBZ	be
considered	VBN	consider
inedible	JJ	inedible
by	IN	by
some	DT	some
predators	NNS	predator
.	SENT	.
